A Brief Introduction to COVID-19

Coronavirus is positive (+) sense RNA virus. It was first identified in summer 2003, in British Columbia.(Patrick, 22/9/2006).This time the World Health Organization named it COVID-19, short for "Coronavirus disease 2019," which is newly identified coronavirus. Coronaviruses, a sort of the “Coronaviridae” family, are encompassed infections with a huge plus-strand RNA genome. It contains four fundamental basic protein, these are the spike (S), layer (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins, all of which are encoded inside the 3′ conclusion of (Berkhout, 2004). The S protein (150 kDa), utilizes an N-terminal flag arrangement to pick up get to to the ER, and is intensely N-linked glycosylated. The M protein is the foremost abundant auxiliary protein within the virion. Later thinks about propose the M protein exists as a dimer within the virion, and may embrace two diverse conformations permitting it to advance film ebb and flow as well as bind to the nucleocapsid. The E protein (8–12 kDa) is found in little amounts inside the virion. As contradicted to other basic proteins, recombinant infections missing the E protein are not continuously deadly in spite of the fact that this can be infection sort dependent. The N protein constitutes as it were protein display within the nucleocapsid. It is composed of two partitioned spaces, an N-terminal space (NTD) and a C-terminal space (CTD), both able official RNA in vitro, but each space employ diverse mechanismsN protein as well ties nsp3, a key component of the replicase complex, and the M protein A fifth fundamental protein, the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE), is appeared in a subset of β-coronaviruses (Fehr, 2016).

Symptoms:

Coronavirus indications incorporate those related with common cold, such as running nose, cerebral pain, hack, fever, and sore throat.

Pathogenesis

SARS-CoV-2 is communicated transcendentally by means of respiratory bead, contact, and potential in fecal-oral.Essential viral replication is attempted to happen in mucosal epithelium of upper respiratory plot, with further increase in lower respiratory lot and gastrointestinal mucosa, offering ascend to a mellow viremia.A few patients have additionally displayed non-respiratory indications, for example, intense liver and heart injury, kidney disappointment, the runs, suggesting various organ association.ACE2 is extensively communicated in nasal mucosa, bronchus, lung, heart, throat, kidney, stomach, bladder, and ileum, and these human organs are on the whole powerless against SARS-CoV-2. As of late, possible pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 to testicular tissues has also been proposed by clinicians, suggesting richness worries in youthful patients.The hypothesized pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 disease is charted in Figure 2 (Jin, 2020).

Figure 1: Targeting complement in SARS-CoV-2-associated lung injury.(Risitano et al., 2020)

Figure 2:Postulated pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE); ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; RAS: renin-angiotensin system; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome. Red words represent the important turning points in SARS-CoV-2 infection.(Jin, 2020)

Transmission:

Believed to have transmitted from creatures and reptiles such as snakes, corona viruses cause respiratory issues such as upper respiratory tract ailments and lower respiratory ailments such as pneumonia and bronchitis.(Duddu, 20/3/2020)

Figure 3:Transmission of Covid-19 infection(Shereen et al., 2020)

Prevention:

Washing our hands more in sanitizer, maintaining our personal hygiene, drinking water in every 20 minutes, taking exercise regularly and takin healthy food specially plant and animal foods to get herd immunity. Public awareness is the best way to reduce this virus transmission.

 Diagnosis:

Nucleic Acid Test

Viral diagnostics is one significant piece of our armamentarium against COVID-19. After starting flare-up, analytic tests dependent on the discovery of the viral grouping by RT-PCR or cutting-edge sequencing stages before long opened up. Along these lines, numerous biotechnology organizations have effectively evolved nucleic corrosive discovery packs, and the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) has direly affirmed a group of fluorescent quantitative units and sequencing frameworks. The primary concern identified with the nucleic basic analysis is bogus negatives. To tackle the issue of low location proficiency, some improved quick popular nucleic corrosive indicative tests have been concocted. Especially, a nucleic basic analysis paper, which can be utilized for the fast discovery of SARS-CoV-2 with the unaided eye perception inside three minutes, has been effectively evolved.

 Serologic Diagnosis

It has been demonstrated that patients with SARS-CoV-2 contamination have intense serological reactions. Joined with immunochromatography, colloidal gold, and different advances, significant recognition reagents have been grown quickly

CRISPR/Cas13 System

The Cas13-based SHERLOCK (explicit high-affectability enzymatic journalist opening) stage has been broadly used to recognize Zika infection (ZIKV) and dengue infection (DENV) in tolerant examples at focuses as low as 1 duplicate for every microliter. As of late, Zhang et al. discharged a CRISPR/Cas13-based SHERLOCK innovation to identify SARS-CoV-2. In any case, this CRISPR/Cas13 framework stays to be confirmed in light of the fact that it has not been tried on clinical examples from COVID-19 patient

Imaging Technology

Chest radiograph or CT is a significant device for COVID-19 analysis in clinical practice. Most of COVID-19 cases have comparative highlights on CT pictures including reciprocal appropriation of inconsistent shadows and ground glass darkness. The incredible benefit of utilizing the profound learning machine to remove radiological graphical highlights for COVID-19 finding has been presented. Man-made reasoning (AI) can precisely decipher the CT pictures of the associated cases with the new crown inside 20 s, and the exactness pace of the investigation results arrived at 96%, enormously improving the symptomatic proficiency. This strategy is now being utilized in clinical practice. (Jin, 2020)

Treatment:

Recorded underneath are the coronavirus vaccines in different stages of advancement, over the world. Given below

•         APN01 by University of British Columbia and APEIRON Biologics

•         TNX-1800 by Tonix Pharmaceuticals

•         Brilacidin by Innovation Pharmaceuticals

•         Recombinant subunit vaccine by Clover Biopharmaceuticals

•         Vaxart’s coronavirus vaccine

•         Linear DNA Vaccine by Applied DNA Sciences and Takis Biotech     

•         BXT-25 by BIOXYTRAN to treat late-stage acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)    

•         MERS CoV vaccines for coronavirus

•         Novavax developed a novel Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus vaccine

•         Inovio Pharma’s developed INO-4700

The novel coronavirus drugs in different stages of improvement universally are recorded underneath

1. Remdesivir (GS-5734) has already been in use for treating COVID-19 patients  by Gilead Sciences.

2.   Dexamethasone has already been in use for treating COVID-19 patients and it's very effective on hospitalized patients with ventilators.

3.  Heat Biologics has declared plans to create an immunization to treat or avoid coronavirus disease utilizing its restrictive gp96 immunization stage. The innovation is competent of reconstructing live cells to deliver antigens that can tie to the gp96 protein and create a safe reaction against those antigensSNG001 by Synairgen Research

4.  The company will use its Ii-Key resistant framework enactment innovation to deliver a COVID-19 peptide for human clinical trials. Generex will get a forthright installment of $1m to commence the foundation for the immunization improvement and $5m authorizing charge for its Ii-Key technology.ImmunoPrecise Antibodies has propelled an antibody and helpful counter acting agent program to create an antibody as well as antibodies against COVID-19.

5. CEL-SCI is creating immunotherapy against COVID-19 utilizing its restrictive Jumps peptide innovation, which uses moderated regions of the coronavirus proteins to produce T-cell reactions and diminish viral stack.

6. Biotechnology, a clinical-stage immunology company, reported on 12 February that it has recognized two monoclonal antibodies that can tie to the infection that causes COVID19.

 

7. NanoViricides, a clinical-stage company, is working on creating a treatment for nCoV2019 utilizing its nanoviricide® technology.

8. Biotechnology, a clinical-stage immunology company, reported on 12 February that it has recognized two monoclonal antibodies that can tie to the infection that causes COVID19. The company has shaped an organization with WuXi Biologics on 25 February to commercialize the antibodies recognized to treat coronavirus. Vir has moreover joined forces with Alnylam Pharmaceuticals to distinguish siRNA candidates focusing on SARS-CoV-2. (Duddu, 20/3/2020)

9. Favipiravir (branded as Avigan) is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, it has been developed of avian influenza or novel influenza resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors. Now it is tried to use in COVID19 vaccine.

10.  SNG001 (interferon beta) is trying to use as a COVID19 vaccine.

11.  Lopinavir is a protease inhibitor and it is trying to use as a COVID19 vaccine.

12.   Tocilizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R)(Uddin et al., 2020)

13. Corticosteroids as a strong anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic sedate, low doses of methylprednisolone (DEPO-Medrol or SOLUMedrol) have the potential to anticipate an amplified cytokine response and may quicken determination of pneumonic and systemic inflammation in pneumonia.

Conclusion:

Proper health hygiene, sanitization, distance maintain to talk and public awareness can prevent this disease. In this blog, I try to overview treatment of novel coronavirus(covid-19)

References

Patrick, D. M., Petric, M., Skowronski, D. M., Guasparini, R., Booth, T. F., Krajden, M., Brunham, R. C. (2006). An Outbreak of Human Coronavirus OC43 Infection and Serological Cross-Reactivity with SARS Coronavirus. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology,17(6), 330-336.

Fehr, Anthony R., and Stanley Perlman. “Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis.” Coronaviruses Methods in Molecular Biology, 2015, pp. 1–23.

Ben Berkhout, L. van der H., Krzysztof Pyrc, Maarten F. Jebbink, Wilma Vermeulen-Oost, Ron J. M. Berkhout, Katja C. Wolthers, Pauline M. E. Wertheim-van Dillen, Jos Kaandorp, Joke Spaargaren. (2004). Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nature Medicine, 368–373.

Jin, Y., Yang, H., Ji, W., Wu, W., Chen, S., Zhang, W., &Duan, G. (2020). Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses, 12(4), 372. doi:10.3390/v12040372

Risitano, A. M., Mastellos, D. C., Huber-Lang, M., Yancopoulou, D., Garlanda, C., Ciceri, F., & Lambris, J. D. (2020). Complement as a target in COVID-19? Nature Reviews Immunology, 20(6), 343–344. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7

Shereen, M. A., Khan, S., Kazmi, A., Bashir, N., & Siddique, R. (2020). COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of Advanced Research, 24, 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005

Uddin, M., Mustafa, F., Rizvi, T. A., Loney, T., Al Suwaidi, H., Al-Marzouqi, A. H. H., Kamal Eldin, A., Alsabeeha, N., Adrian, T. E., Stefanini, C., Nowotny, N., Alsheikh-Ali, A., & Senok, A. C. (2020). SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral Genomics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Interventions. Viruses, 12(5), 526. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050526

Written by: 

Sumit Kumar Baral
Student of Microbiology (Honor's 4th Year)
Jagannath University, Bangladesh